Part One:
l . Anyone with
half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about
economic
recovery __ just around the corner was untrue.
[A]wouLd be
[B]to be [C]was [D]being
2. Smoking is so harmful to personal health
that it kills __ people each year than automo-
bile
accidents.
[A]seven more times [B]seven times more [C]over seven times
[D]seven times
3. It' s easy to blame the decline of conversation on
the pace of modern life and on the vague
changes __ place in our
ever-changing world.
[A] taking [B]to take [C]take [D]taken
4. This
is an exciting area of study, and one __ which new applications are being
discov-
ered almost daily.
[A] from [B]by [C] in [D] through
5 .
__ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle
involves the active
participation of the patient in the modification of
his condition.
[A]As [B]What [C]That [D] It
6. Although I had been
invited to the opening ceremony , I was unable to attend __ such
short
notice.
[A]to [B]in [C]with [D]on
7. California has more light than
it knows __ to do with but everything else is expensive.
[A] how [ B]
what [ C] which [D] where
8. The solution works only for couples who
are self-employed, don' t have small children and get
along __ to spend
most of their time together.
[A]so well [B]too well [C]well as [D]well
enough
9. Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not
about __ compliments to his
political leaders .
[A]paying [B]having
paid [C]to pay [D] to have paid
10. These proposals sought to place
greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital informa-
tion
than __ in traditional media.
[A]exist [B]exists [ C]existing [D]to
exist
11. Your math instructor would have been happy to give you
a makeup
examination
[A]
had you gone and explained that your parents had
been ill at the time.
[B]
[C]
[D]
12. As the children become financially independent of
the family, the emphasis on family
fi-
[A]
[B]
[C]
nancial security will shift from protection to save for the
retirement
years.
[D]
13. Were the Times Co. to purchase another major media
company, there is no doubt that it
[A]
could dramatically transform a family-ran enterprise
that still gets 90% of its revenues
[B]
[C]
[D]
from newspapers .
14. Symposium talks will cover a wide range
of subjects from overfishing to physical
and
[A]
[B]
environment factors that affect the populations of
different species.
[C]
[D]
15 . Convenation calls for a willingness to alternate the
role of speaker with one of listener ,
and
[A]
[B] [C]
it calls for occasional '
digestive pauses' by
both.
[D]
16. If two theories are equal to their ability to account
for a body of data, the theory
that
[A]
[B]
does so with the smaller nomber of assumptions is to be
preferred.
[c]
[D]
17. The Committee adopted a resolution requiring the seven
automakers selling the most cars
in
[A]
[B]
the state making 2 percent of those vehicles
emissions-free by
1998.
[C]
[D]
18. As long as poor people, who in general are colored, are
in conflict with richer people, who
in
[A]
[B]
general are lighter skin, there' s going to be a
constant racial conflict in the
world.
[C] [D]
19 . All those left undone may sound
greatly in theory, but even the trust believer has great
dif-
[A]
[B]
[C]
ficulty when it comes to
specifics.
[D]
20 .
Even if automakers modify commercially produced cars to run
on alternative fuels, the
cars
[A]
[B]
[C]
won' t catch on in a big way when drivers can fill them up
at the gas
station.
[D]
21 . An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to
___ further research and fur-
ther thinking about a particular
topic.
[ A] stimulate [ B] renovate [ C] arouse [ D] advocate
22 .
Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a
number of important practi-
cal __.
[ A] obligations [B] regulations
[ C ] observations [ D] considerations
23 . Life insurance is financial
protection for dependents against loss __ the bread-winner' s
death
.
[A]at the cost of [B]on the verge of [C]as a result of [D]for the
sake of
24. In education there should be a good __ among the branches
of knowledge that con-
tribute to effective thinking and wise judgment
.
[ A] distribution [ B] balance [ C] combination [ D] assignment
25
. The American dream is most __ during the periods of productivity and
wealth generat-
ed by American capitalism.
[A] plausible [B]
patriotic [ C] primitive [D] partial
26 . Poverty is not __ in most
cities although, perhaps because of the crowded conditions in
certain
areas, it is more visible there.
[ A] rare [ B] temporary [ C]
prevalent [ D] segmental
27. People who live in small towns often seem
more friendly than those living in __ popu-
lated areas.
[A] densely
[ B] intensely [ C] abundantly [D] highly
28. As a way of __ the mails
while they were away, the Johnsons asked the cleaning lady
to send
little printed slips asking the senders to write again
later.
[A]picking up [B]coping with [C]passing out [D]getting
across
29 . Tom' s mother tried hard to persuade him to __ from his
intention to invest his savings
in stock market .
[A]pull out
[B]give up [C]draw in [D]back down
30. An increasing proportion of our
population, unable to live without advanced medical
__ , will become
progressively more reliant on expensive technology.
[ A] interference [
B] interruption [ C] intervention [ D] interaction
31 . These causes
produced the great change in the country that modernized the __ of
high-
er education from the mid-1860's to the mid-1880's.
[ A]
branch [ B]category t C] domain [D] scope
32 . Nobody yet knows how
long and how seriously the __ in the financial system will drag
down
the economy.
[ A] shallowness [ B] shakiness [ C] scantiness [ D]
stiffness
33 . Crisis would be the right term to describe the __ in
many animal species. .
[ A] minimization [ B] restriction [ C] descent
[ D] decline
34 . The city is an important railroad __ and industrial
and convention center.
[A] conjunction [ B] network [ C]junction [D]
link
35. Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to __
myself of every chance
to improve my English.
[ A] assure [ B]
inform [ C] avail [D] notify
36. Researchers discovered that plants
infected with a virus give off a gas that __ disease
resistance in
neighboring plants.
[ A.] contracts [ B] activates [ C] maintains [ D]
prescribe
37 . Corporations and labor unions have __ great benefits
upon their employees and mem-
bers as well as upon the general
pubtic.
[A] conferred [ B]granted [ C] flung [D] submitted
38. The
movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, which was
__
from one new moon to the next.
[ A] measured [ B] reckoned [
C]judged [ D] assessed
39. The judge ruled that the evidence was
inadmissible on the grounds that it was __ to
the issue at hand.
[
A] irrational [ B] unreasonable [ C] invalid [ D] irrelevant
40. Fuel
scarcities and price increases __ automobile designers to scale down the
largest
models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and
trucks.
[ A] persuaded [ B] prompted [ C] imposed [ D]
enlightened
Part two: Cloze
Test
Industrial safety does not
just happen.Companies _41__ low accident rates plan their
safety
programs, work hard to organize them,and continue working to
keep them 42 and active. When the
work is well done, a 43
of accident-free operations is established _44__ time lost due to
injuries
is kept at a minimum.
Successful safety programs may 45 greatly in the emphasis placed on
certain aspects of the program.
Some place great emphasis on mechanical
guarding. Others stress safe work practices by _46__ rules
or
regulations._47_ others depend on an emotional appeal to the
worker. But, there are certain basic
ideas that must be used in every
progr8m if maximum results are to be
obtained.
There can be no question
about the value of a safety program. From a financial stand-point
alone,
safety _48__. The fewer the injury 49,the better
the workman's insurance rate. This may mean the diff-
erence between
operating at _50__or at a loss.
41. [A]at [B]in [C]on
[D]with
42. [A]alive [B]vivid [ C]mobile [D] diverse
43.
[A]regulation [B]climate [C]circumstance [D]requirement
44. [A]where
[B]how [ C]what [D]unless
45. [A]alter [B]differ [ C] shift [D]
distinguish
46. [A] constituting [ B] aggravating [ C]observing
[D]justifying
47. [A]Some [B]Many [C]Even [D]Still
48. [A]comes off
[B]turns up [C]pays off [D]holds up
49. [A]claims [B]reports [ C]
declarations [ D] proclamations
50. [A]an advantage [B]a benefit [C]an
interest [D]a profit
Part
three:
Passage
l
It's a rough world out there.
Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your door-
mat.
Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the
doormat or stove
failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful
lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or
so the thinking has
gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies
liable
for their customers'
misfortunes.
Feeling threatened ,
companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying
to
anticipate every possibLe accident. Today, stepladders carry labels
several inches long that warn ,
among other things, that you
might-surprise! --fall off. The label on a child ' s Batman
cape
cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly.
"
While warnings are often
appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions,
for
example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it
isn't clear that they actually
protect the manufacturers and sellers
from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of
the
companies lose when injured customers take them to
court.
Now the tide appears to be
turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some
courts are
beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning
label probably
wouldn't have changed anything. In May , Julie Nimmons,
president of Schutt Sports in Illinois,
successfully fought a lawsuit
involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wear-
ing
a Schutt helmet. "We' re really sorry he has become paralyzed , but
helmets aren' t designed to
prevent those kinds of injuries , " says
Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not
the helmet,
was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American
Law Insti-
tute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose
recommendations carry substantial
weight-issued new guidelines for tort
law stating that companies need not warn customers of ob-
vious dangers
or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. " Important
information can
get buried in a sea of trivialities, " says a law
professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the
new guidelines. If
the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on
prod-
ucts might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and
not as protection against legal lia-
bility. .
51 . What were things
like in 1980s when accidents happened?
[A] Customers might be relieved
of their disasters through lawsuits.
[B] Injured customers could expect
protection from the legal system.
[C]Companies would avoid being sued
by providing new warnings.
[D]Juries tended to find fault with the
compensations companies promised.
52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the
passage tend to__
[A]satisfy customers by writing long warnings on
products
[B]become honest in describing the inadequacies of their
products
[C]make the best use of labels to avoid legal
liability
[D]feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first
concern
53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that__
[A]some
injury claims were no longer supported by law
[B]helmets were not
designed to prevent injuries
[C]product labels would eventually be
discarded
[D]some sports games might lose popularity with
athletes
54. The author' s attitude towards the issue seems to
be__
[A] biased [ B] indifferent [ C] puzzling
[D]objective
Passage
2
In the first year or so of Web
business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap
the
consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a
fashion, companies
have started to buy and sell products and services
with one another. Such business-to-business
sales make sense because
businesspeople typically know what product they're looking
for.
Nonetheless, many companies
still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its
relia-
bility. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway
between them and the supplier, " says
senior analyst Blane Erwin of
Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by
con-
ducting online transactions only with established business
partners who are given access to the
company ' s private internet
.
Another major shift in the model
for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for
marketing.
Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies
to "pull" cus-
tomers into sites. In the past year, however, software
companies have developed tools that allow
companies to "push"
information directly out to consumers , transmitting marketing messages
di-
rectly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network
uses a screen saver to deliver a
continualiy updated stream of news and
advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Sub-
scribers can
customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a
company ' s
Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already
starting to use similar technologies to
push messages to customers
about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push
tech-
nology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture
thinks highly of the notion
that the information flowing onto the
screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial
promotion
begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and
television
fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net
purists.
But it is hardly
inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push
strategies to
make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards,
Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a
Web site selling the right
kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and
se-
curity will attract online customers. And the cost of computing
power continues to free fall,
which is a good sign for any enterprise
setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10
years from now
may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.
55 . We
learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business__
[A] has
been striving to expand its market
[B]intended to follow a fanciful
fashion
[C]tried but in vain to control the market
[D]has been
booming for one year or so
56. Speaking of the online technology
available for marketing, the author implies that__
[A] the technology
is popular with many Web users
[B]businesses have faith in the
reliability of online transactions
[C]there is a radical change in
strategy
[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners
57.
In the view of Net purists,__
[A]there should be no marketing messages
in online culture
[ B]money making should be given priority to on the
Web
[C]the Web should be able to function as the television set
[D]
there should be no online commercial information without requests
58.
We learn from the last paragraph that __
[A]pushing information on the
Web is essential to Internet commerce
[ B] interactivity , hospitality
and security are important to online customers
[ C]leading companies
began to take the online plunge decades ago
[D]setting up shops in
silicon is independent of the cost of computing power
Passage
3
An invisible border divides
those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of
stu-
dents' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the
classroom for broader reasons of
radical educational reform. Very few
writers on the subject have explored this distinction-in-
deed,
contradiction--which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign
to put comput-
ers in the
classroom.
An education that aims
at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education,
jus-
tified for reasons radically different from why education is
universally required by law. It is not
simply to raise everyone' s job
prospects that all children are legally required to attend school
into
their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American
citizen, a character who is in-
complete if he cannot competently
assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things
outside
of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally
required for all children
to attend school until a certain age, It was
widely accepted that some were just not equipped by
nature to pursue
this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized
coun-
tries , we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated.
Computer-education advocates forsake
this optimistic notion for a
pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on
the
confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing
computers into schools, com-
puter-ed advocates often emphasize the job
prospects of graduates over their educational achieve-
ment
.
There are some good arguments
for a technical education given the right kind of student.
Many
European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on
in order to make
sure children are properly equipped for the
professions they want to join. It is, however, pre-
sumptuous to insist
that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many
business-
men, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to
produce the needed number of every kind
of professional in a country as
large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states
and
involves so many international
corporations.
But, for a small
group of students, professional training might be the way to go since
well-
developed skills, all other factors being equal , can be the
difference between having a job and not.
Of course, the basics of using
any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a
lifelong
acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one
wanted to become a computer engineer ,
that is, of course, an entirely
different story. Basic computer skills take--at the very
longest-a
couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills
are only complementary to the host
of real skills that are necessary to
becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of
course,
that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its
purpose.
59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the
classroom is__
[ A] far-reaching [ B] dubiously oriented [ C]
self-contradictory [ D] radically reformatory
60. The belief that
educalion is indispensable to all children__
[A]is indicative of a
pessimism in disguise
[B]came into being along with the arrival of
computers
[C]is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-ed
advocates
[ D]originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized
countries
61 . It could be inferred from the passage that in the
author' s country the European model of pro-
fessional training
is__
[A]dependent upon the starting age of candidates
[B]worth
trying in various social sections
[C]of little practical value
[D]
attractive to every kind of professional
62 . According to the author,
basic computer skills should be__
[A] included as an auxiliary course
in school
[ B] highlighted in acquisition of professional
qualifications
[ C]mastered through a life-long course
[ D] equally
emphasized by any school , vocational or otherwise
Passage
4
When a Scottish research team
startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned
an
adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was
opposed to using this unusual animal
husbandry technique to clone
humans , he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an
experiment-
although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an
independent panel of experts chaired by Prinoeton
President Harold
Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations
for a na-
tional policy on human cloning. That group--the National
Bioethics Advisory Commission ( NBAC)-has
been working feverishly to
put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on
a
near-final draft of their
recommendations.
NBAC will ask
that Clinton ' s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended
in-
definitely , and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are
planning to word the recom-
mendation narrowly to avoid new
restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA
or
cells-routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached
agreement on a crucial ques-
tion, however, whether to recommend
legislation that would make it a crime for private funding
to be used
for human cloning.
In a draft
preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro
sug-
gested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be
"morally unacceptable to at-
tempt to create a human child by adult
nuclear cloning. " Shapiro explained during the meeting
that the moral
doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child.
The panel
then informally accepted several general conclusions ,
although some details have not been
settled.
NBAC plans to call for a
continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to
clone
body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already
forbids the use of fed-
eral funds to create embryos ( the earliest
stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to
knowingly
endanger an embryo' s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo
research.
NBAC members also
indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and
clinics
not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But
they were divided on whether to go
further by calling for a federal law
that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro
and most
members favored an appeal for such legislation , but in a phone interview,
he said this is-
sue was still "up in the air. "
63. We can learn
from the first paragraph that__
[A]federal funds have been used in a
project to clone humans
[B] the White House responded strongly to the
news of cloning
[C]NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning
technique
[D]the White House has got the panel's recommendations on
cloning
64. The panel agreed on all of the following except
that__
[A]the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a
law
[B]the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more
control
[C]it is crimtnal to use private funding for human
cloning
[D]it would be against ethical values to clone a human
being
65 . NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed
because__
[A]embryo research is just a current development of
cloning
[B]the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo
research
[C]an embryo' s life will not be endangered in embryo
research
[D]the issue is expLicitly stated and settled in the
law
66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that__
[A]some
NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely
[B]a law banning
human cloning is to be passed in no time
[C] privately funded
researchers will respond positively to NBAC' s appeal
[D]the issue of
human cloning will soon be settled
Passage
5
Science, in practice, depends
far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of
the
minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton
supposedly discovered gravity through
the fall of an apple. Apples had
been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen
them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the
orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn'
t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the
earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking
himself about those lalger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the
planets.
How many men would have
considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree?
Newton
did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just
wondering.His mind was ready for the
unpredictable. Unpredictabllity is
part of the essential nature of research. If you don' t have unpredictable
things, you don' t have research. Scienltists tend to forget this when
writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but
history is filled with examples of
it.
In talking to some scienlists,
particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression
that they
find the "scientific melhod" a substitute for imaginative thought . I've
attended research
conferences where a scientist has been asked what he
thinks about the advisability of continuing a
certain experiment. The
scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "the data are
still
inconclusive." "We know that, " the men from the budget office
have said, "but what do you
think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do
you think we might expect?" The scientist has been
shocked at having
even been asked to speculate.
What
this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of
his own writ-
ings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so
consistently that he not only believes them him-
self, but has
convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If
experiments are
planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully
as the reports in the science journals indi-
cate , then it is
perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results
measurable
in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors
to believe that scientists who know ex-
actly where they are going and
how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity
of
keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the
microscope. Nor, if regularity
and conformity to a standard pattern are
as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers
would appear
to reflect , is management to be blamed for discriminating against the
"odd balls a-
mong researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers
who "work well with the team. "
67. The author wants to prove with the
example of Isaac Newton that __
[A] inquiring minds are more important
than scientific experiments
[B] science advances when fruitful
researches are conducted
[C] scientists seldom forget the essential
nature of research
[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in
scientific research
68 . The author asserts that sclentists __
[A]
shouldn't replace "scientific method" with imaginative thought
[ B]
shouldn't neglect to speculate on unpredictable things
[ C] should
write more concise reports for technical journals
[D]should be
confident about their research findings
69. It seems that some young
scientists__
[A]have a keen interest in prediction
[B]often
speculate on the future
[C] think highly of creative
thinking
[D]stick to "scientific method"
70. The author implies that
the results of scientific research__
[A]may not be as profitable as
they are expected
[B]can be measured in dollars and cents
[C] rely
on conformity to a standard pattern
[D]are mostly underestimated by
management
Part IV:
English-Chinese Translation 71)
While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are
historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees
history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events
of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each
generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in
the past. In thls search the evidence found is always incomplete and
scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the
historian' s craft is that its practitioners always know that their
efforts are but contributions to an unending process
.
72) Interest in historical
methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity
of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal
quarrels among historians themselves.While history once revered
its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social
sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new
questtons and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of
the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a
discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than
the imperatives of the contemporary world.
73) During this
transfer , traditional historical methods were augmented by
additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of
evidence in the historical
study. Methodology is a term
that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.
74
)There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts
peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques
appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests
that they have been accused of "tunnel method , " frequently fall
victim to the "technicist fallacy. " Also common in the natural
sciences , the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the
discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical
implementation.
75 ) It applies equally to traditional historians who
view history as only
the external and intemal criticism of sources, and
to social science historians who equate their activity with specific
techniques.
Part V Writing (15
points 略)
